About Grading
Earthwork and grading is the process of preparing a site for construction by reshaping, leveling and compacting the soil.
Construction sites must be graded so that water can flow away from buildings and other structures to avoid flooding. It also ensures even ground levels for constructing foundations. Earthwork is often accompanied with grading of landforms such as ditches, berms or embankments which are used to channel water flow away from an area. A ditch could be dug across a slope to carry surface runoff into a nearby river or stream; an embankment might be built near a roadway where it intersects with another slope in order to hold back floodwaters during heavy rainfall events. A berm may also be constructed along a shoreline next to undeveloped land in order to hold surface runoff water out of the way during construction activities.
Grading road surfaces can involve scraping or brushing off loose particles so that new bitumen, asphalt, concrete or stone aggregate can be added and compacted to form a strong, dense bond.
What is grading a site?
Grading a site involves the process of leveling the ground and moving soil to create a surface that is more even. This creates a flat construction site where a foundation for a building will be able to be laid. It also ensures water drains away from buildings and other structures to avoid flooding. Grading landforms such as hills, berms, or embankments can be done in order to channel water away from an area.
Earthwork and grading helps make construction sites safe, even, and functional for anything from residential homes to industrial plants.
What is a site grading plan?
A site grading plan is an initial plan for building a construction project. The site should be graded so that all dangers are assessed and according to regulations. The site should also be graded so that water can flow away from buildings and other structures to avoid flooding.
This includes reshaping, leveling, compacting, and preparing for construction by grading the soil in order to create a flat surface where foundations will be able to be laid. Earthwork is often accompanied with grading of landforms such as ditches or embankments which are used to channel water flow away from areas.
What is the grading process?
The grading process is the process of leveling the ground and moving soil to create a surface that is more even. This creates a flat construction site where a foundation for a building will be able to be laid.
The grading process is the process of leveling the ground and moving soil to create a surface that is more even. This creates a flat construction site where a foundation for a building will be able to be laid.
Earthwork and grading helps make construction sites safe, even, and functional for anything from residential homes to industrial plants.
What is the difference between grading and earthwork?
A site needs to be graded so that all dangers are assessed and according to regulations prior to construction taking place. Earthwork involves the process of reshaping, leveling and compacting soil to create a flat surface for building foundations.
What is the difference between grading and land shoring?
Land shoring is typically categorized by supporting excavation walls with wooden planks or steel piles that are driven into dirt or clay. Land shoring is limited in the amount of support it can provide. Grading and land shoring often go hand in hand, with grading done before land shoring takes place and vice versa.
What is the difference between site grading and soil erosion?
Site grading helps make construction sites safe, even, and functional for anything from residential homes to industrial plants. Soil erosion is a natural process or human-induced process of soil removal from one location on the landscape. It often leads to serious land degradation and is exacerbated by deforestation, drought, flooding, desertification and poor agricultural practices.
What is a good soil for grading?
A good soil for grading is free draining with a low water table. A sloping topography helps to divert water away from buildings and other structures.
Types of soil:
A site grading plan is an initial plan for building a construction project. The site should be graded so that all dangers are assessed and according to regulations. Before starting any type of earthwork it is key to first determine the types of soils on-site. There are three types of soils:
- Cohesive Soil - Type of soil where particles adhere together and can hold its shape when removed from the ground, also referred to as sticky soil.
- Granular Soil - A type of soil that is composed of small round pieces or particles and does not stick together in a mass when it is removed from the ground.
- Fragile Soil - A type of soil that can be easily removed in large quantities when it is dry, however when wet it becomes very strong and clay-like.
About Piedmont, OK
Piedmont was inhabited in early historic times by Celtic-Ligurian tribes such as the Taurini and the Salassi. They were later subdued by the Romans (c. 220 BC), who founded several colonies there including Augusta Taurinorum (Turin) and Eporedia (Ivrea). After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the region was successively invaded by the Burgundians, the Ostrogoths (5th century), East Romans, Lombards (6th century), and Franks (773).
In the 9th–10th centuries there were further incursions by the Magyars, Saracens and Muslim Moors. At the time Piedmont, as part of the Kingdom of Italy within the Holy Roman Empire, was subdivided into several marches and counties.
In 1046, Otto of Savoy added Piedmont to the County of Savoy, with a capital at Chambéry (now in France). Other areas remained independent, such as the powerful comuni (municipalities) of Asti and Alessandria and the marquisates of Saluzzo and Montferrat. The County of Savoy became the Duchy of Savoy in 1416, and Duke Emanuele Filiberto moved the seat to Turin in 1563. In 1720, the Duke of Savoy became King of Sardinia, founding what evolved into the Kingdom of Sardinia and increasing Turin's importance as a European capital.
The Republic of Alba was created in 1796 as a French client republic in Piedmont. A new client republic, the Piedmontese Republic, existed between 1798 and 1799 before it was reoccupied by Austrian and Russian troops. In June 1800 a third client republic, the Subalpine Republic, was established in Piedmont. It fell under full French control in 1801 and it was annexed by France in September 1802. In the Congress of Vienna, the Kingdom of Sardinia was restored and furthermore received the Republic of Genoa to strengthen it as a barrier against France.
Piedmont was a springboard for Italian unification in 1859–1861, following earlier unsuccessful wars against the Austrian Empire in 1820–1821 and 1848–1849. This process is sometimes referred to as Piedmontisation. However, the efforts were later countered by the efforts of rural farmers.
The House of Savoy became Kings of Italy, and Turin briefly became the capital of Italy. However, when the Italian capital was moved to Florence, and then to Rome, the administrative and institutional importance of Piedmont was reduced. The only recognition of Piedmont's historical role was that the crown prince of Italy was known as the Prince of Piedmont. After Italian unification, Piedmont was one of the most important regions in the first Italian industrialization.
Piedmont is surrounded on three sides by the Alps, including Monviso, where the Po rises, and Monte Rosa. It borders with France (Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur), Switzerland (Ticino and Valais) and the Italian regions of Lombardy, Liguria, Aosta Valley and for a very small part with Emilia Romagna. The geography of Piedmont is 43.3% mountainous, along with extensive areas of hills (30.3%) and plains (26.4%).
Piedmont is the second largest of Italy's 20 regions, after Sicily. It is broadly coincident with the upper part of the drainage basin of the river Po, which rises from the slopes of Monviso in the west of the region and is Italy's largest river. The Po drains the semicircle formed by the Alps and Apennines, which surround the region on three sides.
The countryside is very diverse: from the rugged peaks of the massifs of Monte Rosa and Gran Paradiso to the damp rice paddies of Vercelli and Novara, from the gentle hillsides of the Langhe, Roero and Montferrat to the plains. 7.6% of the entire territory is considered protected area. There are 56 different national or regional parks; one of the most famous is the Gran Paradiso National Park, between Piedmont and the Aosta Valley.
Piedmont has a typically temperate climate, which on the Alps becomes progressively temperate-cold and colder as it climbs to altitude. In areas located at low altitudes, winters are relatively cold but not very rainy and often sunny, with the possibility of snowfall, sometimes abundant. Snowfall, on the other hand, is less frequent and occasional in the northeast areas. Summers are hot with local possibilities of strong thunderstorms.
Other towns of Piedmont with more than 20,000 inhabitants sorted by population :
The population density in Piedmont is lower than the national average. In 2008 it was equal to 174 inhabitants per km, compared to a national figure of about 200. The Metropolitan City of Turin has 335 inhabitants per km2, whereas Verbano-Cusio-Ossola is the least densely populated province, with 72 inhabitants per km.
The population of Piedmont followed a downward trend throughout the 1980s, a result of the natural negative balance (of some 3 to 4% per year), while the migratory balance since 1986 has again become positive because of immigration. The population remained stable in the 1990s.
The Turin metro area grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s due to an increase of immigrants from southern Italy and Veneto and today it has a population of approximately two million. As of 2008, the Italian national institute of statistics (ISTAT) estimated that 310,543 foreign-born immigrants live in Piedmont, equal to 7.0% of the total regional population. Most immigrants come from Eastern Europe (mostly from Romania, Albania, and Ukraine) with smaller communities of African immigrants.